Dogs are highly visual communicators. They use posture, facial expressions, tail and ear position, vocalisations and subtle gestures to …

Dogs are not simply animals living alongside humans; they are a species that has co-evolved with us for at least 15,000–40,000 years (Frantz et al., 2016; Larson et al., 2012). This shared evolutionary path has shaped dogs to be uniquely sensitive to human behaviour, emotion, body language, and ...